What kind of searches can the Coast Guard conduct without separate authorization from the flag State?

The option regarding minimally intrusive searches is correct because the Coast Guard is authorized to conduct such searches without requiring separate permission from the flag State. Minimally intrusive searches typically involve procedures that do not greatly violate an individual's privacy or disrupt operations to a significant extent. These searches are often performed to ensure compliance with safety regulations, especially in international waters or while operating within a country's jurisdiction.

Minimally intrusive searches can include visual inspections, document checks, or other non-intrusive methods that can identify violations or hazards without needing explicit consent each time. Because they generally pose a lower risk of infringing on the rights of seafarers or operators, they are permissible without additional authorization.

In contrast, destructive searches, which involve significant intervention or damage, require more stringent protocols due to their potential to violate property rights or cause significant disruption. Random inspections and comprehensive cargo examinations also may require additional permissions or adherence to specific legal frameworks, depending on the circumstances and the nature of the search, as they often extend beyond what is considered minimally intrusive.